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Solana

Token-2022

Anchor Framework

Cryptography

Zero-Knowledge Proofs

ResourceDescription
Groth16 PaperJens Groth, “On the Size of Pairing-Based Non-interactive Arguments” (EUROCRYPT 2016) — the proof system used in x0-zk-proofs
ZK Proof StandardsCommunity standards for zero-knowledge proofs

ElGamal Encryption

ResourceDescription
Ristretto GroupThe Ristretto group used for ElGamal encryption in Token-2022 confidential transfers
curve25519-dalekRust implementation of elliptic curve operations used by solana-zk-sdk
solana-zk-sdkSolana’s ZK proof SDK for confidential transfers

Merkle Trees & Bloom Filters

ResourceDescription
Merkle Tree (Wikipedia)Hash tree structure used for efficient whitelist verification
Bloom Filter (Wikipedia)Probabilistic data structure used for space-efficient whitelist checking

x0 Protocol

Development Tools

ToolDescription
Solana CLICommand-line tools for Solana development
Anchor CLIBuild, test, and deploy Anchor programs
wasm-packBuild Rust-to-WASM packages (used by x0-zk-proofs)
Solana PlaygroundBrowser-based Solana IDE
Last modified on February 8, 2026